{"id":432,"date":"2023-07-11T05:52:11","date_gmt":"2023-07-11T05:52:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.floridarehab.com\/?page_id=432"},"modified":"2025-02-07T11:09:23","modified_gmt":"2025-02-07T11:09:23","slug":"schizophrenia","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.floridarehab.com\/co-occurring-disorders\/schizophrenia\/","title":{"rendered":"Schizophrenia: Types, Symptoms and Treatment"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>There are many types of schizophrenia, and each is characterized by different signs and symptoms. Learn more about schizophrenia and how it can be treated.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Thomas_Insel\/publication\/47743031_Rethinking_Schizophrenia\/links\/55702ff408aefcb861ddc517.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Schizophrenia<\/a>&nbsp;is a chronic and debilitating disorder that causes&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.floridarehab.com\/co-occurring-disorders\/psychosis\/\">psychosis<\/a>, which is characterized by hallucinations and delusions. The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/sardaa.org\/resources\/about-schizophrenia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">prevalence of schizophrenia<\/a>&nbsp;is about 1.1%, and around 3.5 million Americans are diagnosed with this disorder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">The history of schizophrenia is not as long as some other disorders, and its&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Thomas_Insel\/publication\/47743031_Rethinking_Schizophrenia\/links\/55702ff408aefcb861ddc517.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">official recognition<\/a>&nbsp;dates back about 100 years. Though the term \u201cschizophrenia\u201d wasn\u2019t coined until the early 20th century, the disease was first identified as being its own mental illness in 1887. Interestingly, written documents describing the symptoms of schizophrenia date back to the time of the Egyptians.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\" wp-block-heading eplus-wrapper\">Causes of Schizophrenia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Modern scientists have learned more about the underlying neurobiological basis of schizophrenia by seeing how it responded to specific drugs. It was first considered a dopamine disorder because some symptoms were relieved by drugs targeting dopamine. Later, it was considered a glutamate disorder as people began to focus more on cognitive symptoms. Now, scientists recognize that the possible causes of schizophrenia are complex but likely involve both dopamine and glutamate dysfunction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Schizophrenia may be genetic, and research has indeed identified&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ajp.psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/full\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10050723\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">many genes associated with this disorder<\/a>. Additionally,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sites\/default\/files\/epermed\/files\/piis0006322317319054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">studies suggest<\/a>&nbsp;that the heritability of schizophrenia among twins is roughly 79%. However, environmental factors like&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article\/37\/2\/284\/1930337\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">maternal infection<\/a>&nbsp;can also influence schizophrenia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">There is also a possibility of drug-induced schizophrenia. Some&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2011.00001\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">researchers have argued<\/a>&nbsp;that drugs such as&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.floridarehab.com\/drugs\/lsd\/addiction\/\">LSD<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.floridarehab.com\/drugs\/amphetamines\/addiction\/\">amphetamines<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.floridarehab.com\/drugs\/pcp\/addiction\/\">PCP<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.floridarehab.com\/drugs\/marijuana\/addiction\/\">marijuana<\/a>&nbsp;can induce the psychotic symptoms associated with schizophrenia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\" wp-block-heading eplus-wrapper\">Types of Schizophrenia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">There are five primary types of schizophrenia and a few related disorders. Though the newest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=-JivBAAAQBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PT18&amp;dq=dsm+5+&amp;ots=ceUS33JGyd&amp;sig=7CMFYGQ-0aCMoldaOrbSVHw0v1U#v=onepage&amp;q=dsm%205&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">DSM\u20135<\/a>) no longer describes schizophrenia as these five subtypes, symptoms can vary broadly:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\" wp-block-heading eplus-wrapper\">Catatonic Schizophrenia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Catatonic schizophrenia is characterized by disturbances in a person\u2019s movement. Some catatonic schizophrenia symptoms include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\" wp-block-list eplus-wrapper\">\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Being close to unconsciousness<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Repetitive movements for no reason<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Contorted facial movements<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Catalepsy (trance seizure with rigid body)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Lack of verbal response<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Odd and exaggerated movements<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Meaningless repetition of another person\u2019s words or movements<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">This form of schizophrenia is considered to be fairly rare. In&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article\/38\/2\/331\/1942180\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">one study<\/a>&nbsp;of 568 cases of schizophrenia, 7.6% (43 individuals) had catatonic schizophrenia. People with this type of schizophrenia were also more likely to have older mothers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\" wp-block-heading eplus-wrapper\">Disorganized Schizophrenia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Disorganized schizophrenia is characterized by what is called \u201cdisorganized symptoms.\u201d Characteristics of disorganized schizophrenia include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\" wp-block-list eplus-wrapper\">\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Disorganized speech<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Difficulty starting or finishing a task<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Difficulty acting appropriately in social situations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Poor eye contact<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Lack of facial expressions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?pid=S1516-44462013000400432&amp;script=sci_arttext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">In one study<\/a>, disorganized schizophrenia was significantly harder to treat than types of schizophrenia that displayed other symptoms more predominantly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\" wp-block-heading eplus-wrapper\">Paranoid Schizophrenia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">When most people imagine schizophrenia, they tend to think about this subtype. Paranoid schizophrenia symptoms include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\" wp-block-list eplus-wrapper\">\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">A preoccupation with delusions about persecution<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Hallucinations that are typically auditory in nature<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">A study found that people with this subtype have&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/npp201143\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">dysregulation in cannabinoid receptor expression<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\" wp-block-heading eplus-wrapper\">Residual Schizophrenia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Residual schizophrenia is when a person has a history of at least one episode of schizophrenia but currently displays no symptoms. Interestingly,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/j.1758-5872.2012.00225.x?casa_token=WVl1j-Q6dp0AAAAA%3A0aclsE0K1AguFQ-Ebzf2XXLdg1ELBxKt4x15Z4bEEs8JYcw7BtT4ACCpf0NbrX_yoHlJaVZA0dLCzGQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">low doses of the mood stabilizer lamotrigine<\/a>&nbsp;were shown to improve residual symptoms in patients with treatment\u2010resistant schizophrenia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\" wp-block-heading eplus-wrapper\">Undifferentiated Schizophrenia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Undifferentiated schizophrenia is a category for people who do not fit into the other subtypes. In other words, they have symptoms that fall into multiple categories. Undifferentiated schizophrenia symptoms include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\" wp-block-list eplus-wrapper\">\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Delusions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Hallucinations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Disorganized speech<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Disorganized behavior<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Catatonic behavior<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\" wp-block-heading eplus-wrapper\">Related Disorders<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Several other disorders are related to schizophrenia but are still distinct. The most common disorders associated with schizophrenia are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\" wp-block-heading eplus-wrapper\">Schizoaffective Disorder<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Symptoms are similar to schizophrenia and occur alongside depressive or manic symptoms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\" wp-block-heading eplus-wrapper\">Schizophreniform Disorder<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Symptoms are similar to schizophrenia, but the disorder lasts for a much shorter amount of time (less than six months).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\" wp-block-heading eplus-wrapper\">Schizotypal Personality Disorder<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Symptoms include&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11920-014-0452-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">odd and eccentric behaviors<\/a>, such as ideas of reference (when someone believes coincidences have strong significance). Other symptoms involve odd beliefs, odd thinking, unusual perceptual experiences, bodily illusions, disorganized speech, inappropriate or constricted behavior, suspiciousness or paranoid ideation, lack of close friends and excessive social anxiety.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\" wp-block-heading eplus-wrapper\">Signs and Symptoms of Schizophrenia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">There are several characteristic signs and symptoms of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is marked by cognitive symptoms, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\" wp-block-list eplus-wrapper\">\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Disorganized or slow thinking<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Difficulty understanding<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Poor memory<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Poor concentration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Difficulty expressing thoughts<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Difficulty integrating thoughts, feelings and behavior.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Additionally, there are positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. It is important to note that these categories do not mean some symptoms are good. Instead, \u201cpositive\u201d refers to the presence of a symptom, while \u201cnegative\u201d refers to the absence of features typically present in healthy people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\" wp-block-heading eplus-wrapper\">Positive Symptoms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">A positive symptom refers to the presence of a symptom or trait. Hallucinations and delusions are the two primary examples of positive symptoms, and both are examples of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.floridarehab.com\/alcohol\/alcohol-induced-psychosis\/\">psychosis<\/a>. Hallucinations are when a person hears, sees or feels things that are not really there. Delusions are firmly held beliefs that conflict with reality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Schizophrenia delusions are usually either paranoid or focused on feeling grandiose, important or essential in some meaningful way. Research suggests&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/tp2012145\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the dopamine system<\/a>&nbsp;plays a large role in the expression of positive symptoms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\" wp-block-heading eplus-wrapper\">Negative Symptoms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Negative symptoms of schizophrenia refer to the lack of a feature or characteristic that is typically present in a healthy individual. Negative symptoms include unresponsive facial expressions, poverty of speech and thought, lack of pleasure, apathy, reduction in social drive, loss of motivation and lack of social interest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Schizophrenia and depression can sometimes be confused due to these symptoms. However, the two disorders have&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5166560\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">a similar biological basis<\/a>&nbsp;because both are related to a dysfunction in dopamine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\" wp-block-heading eplus-wrapper\">Early Warning Signs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Early warning signs of schizophrenia can be seen in what is called the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2930984\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">prodrome<\/a>&nbsp;phase of psychosis. These signs are essentially a buildup to the psychotic symptoms associated with schizophrenia. The onset of schizophrenia-associated psychosis may be preceded by weeks, months or years of various psychological and behavioral abnormalities. These abnormalities include disturbances in cognition, emotion, perception, communication, motivation, and sleep.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\" wp-block-heading eplus-wrapper\">Symptoms in Children and Teens<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Although schizophrenia is not typically diagnosed until early adulthood, there are early signs of schizophrenia in children. Psychosis can indeed be present in children. In&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3758773\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">one study<\/a>, very few of the children who had psychotic symptoms by age 11 were symptom-free from schizophrenia by age 38. However, symptoms in children were not always predictive of schizophrenia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Symptoms of schizophrenia in teens can be hard to distinguish from the normal changes that&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.floridarehab.com\/resources\/teen-addiction\/\">teens<\/a>&nbsp;go through, but these symptoms include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\" wp-block-list eplus-wrapper\">\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Social withdrawal<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Lack of motivation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Drop in performance at school<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Difficulty sleeping<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Irritability<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Depressed mood<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Strange behaviors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" eplus-wrapper\">Substance use<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\" wp-block-heading eplus-wrapper\">Schizophrenia Diagnosis<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">A proper schizophrenia diagnosis can only come from a medical professional, such as a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist. On average, the schizophrenia age of onset is in the late teens to early 20s for men and the late 20s to early 30s for women.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">The schizophrenia diagnostic criteria is outlined in the DSM-5, and a structured clinical interview determines whether the criteria are met or not. If the criteria is met, the person will be diagnosed with schizophrenia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\" wp-block-heading eplus-wrapper\">Schizophrenia and Substance Abuse<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">There is an apparent relationship between schizophrenia and substance abuse. Although it is hard to say that substance use disorders cause schizophrenia, there is a definite correlation between the two conditions. Among schizophrenia patients,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/pcn.12072\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">50% show a lifetime prevalence<\/a>&nbsp;for co-occurring substance use disorders.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/mp2012109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Research has also shown<\/a>&nbsp;that dopamine release is reduced in patients who have both a substance use disorder and schizophrenia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Some people have also been concerned about a link between marijuana and schizophrenia. Although there is a relationship,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4929616\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">current views<\/a>&nbsp;are that marijuana use during an earlier age accelerates the onset of schizophrenia instead of causing it directly. There is also an association between&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.floridarehab.com\/alcohol\/related\/alcoholism-schizophrenia\/\">schizophrenia and alcohol<\/a>, as people with schizophrenia are at&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4929616\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">an increased risk<\/a>&nbsp;for&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.floridarehab.com\/alcohol\/addiction\/\">alcohol use disorder<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\" wp-block-heading eplus-wrapper\">Schizophrenia Treatment and Prognosis<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Medicine and psychiatric treatment have come a long way over the last few decades. Schizophrenia prognosis is more positive now than it used to be, and there are multiple treatment options for the disorder. Treatment options include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\" wp-block-heading eplus-wrapper\">Dual Diagnosis Treatment<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">This is when professionals treat drug use and mental health disorders such as schizophrenia simultaneously. A&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.floridarehab.com\/treatment\/dual-diagnosis\/\">dual diagnosis<\/a>&nbsp;of schizophrenia and substance abuse can be difficult to treat, but it is not impossible. Positive outcomes are more likely when facilities take a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of both disorders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\" wp-block-heading eplus-wrapper\">Medication<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Using medications to treat schizophrenia is common. Common schizophrenia medications include antipsychotics like aripiprazole (Abilify), lurasidone (Latuda), olanzapine (Zyprexa), quetiapine (Seroquel) and risperidone (Risperdal).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\" wp-block-heading eplus-wrapper\">Therapy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Therapy for schizophrenia is another essential component of the treatment process. While&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.floridarehab.com\/treatment\/addiction-therapies\/cognitive-behavioral\/\">cognitive behavioral therapies<\/a>&nbsp;are useful for some people, there is&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/fullarticle\/210837\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">mounting evidence<\/a>&nbsp;to support the use of cognitive enhancement therapy for schizophrenia. Cognitive enhancement therapy is an approach that manages cognitive impairments through computer-assisted neurocognitive training and group-based social-cognitive exercises.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ajp.psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/full\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13060787\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Electroconvulsive therapy<\/a>&nbsp;for schizophrenia has also been shown to be effective when combined with antipsychotic treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\" wp-block-heading eplus-wrapper\">Coordinated Care<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Coordinated specialty care for schizophrenia is a recovery-oriented treatment program for people with an early diagnosis of psychosis or schizophrenia.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ps.psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/full\/10.1176\/appi.ps.201400281\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Research has shown<\/a>&nbsp;that people have the best long-term outlook when they receive intensive help after the first episode of psychosis and schizophrenia.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There are many types of schizophrenia, and each is characterized by different signs and symptoms. Learn more about schizophrenia and how it can be treated. Schizophrenia&nbsp;is a chronic and debilitating disorder that causes&nbsp;psychosis, which is characterized by hallucinations and delusions. The&nbsp;prevalence of schizophrenia&nbsp;is about 1.1%, and around 3.5 million Americans are diagnosed with this disorder. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":386,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"categories":[39,73],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-432","blog","type-blog","status-publish","hentry","category-dual-diagnosis","category-mental-health"],"acf":{"written_by":287,"enable_medically_and_up":["Yes"],"medically_reviewed_by":277,"medically_reviewed_content":"This article was reviewed by a medical professional to guarantee the delivery of accurate and up-to- date information. <a href=\"\/research\/\">View our research policy.<\/a>","up_to_date":" <i>Last Updated<\/i> - <b>01\/19\/2021<\/b>\r\n","page_first_published_date":"20210119","page_last_edit_date":"20210119","highlighted_description":"If you or a loved one is struggling with addiction, help is available. Speak with a Recovery Advocate by calling <a href=\"tel:8886480738\" > (561) 340-7269<\/a> now.","key_takeaways":"<strong>Key Takeaways<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Schizophrenia is a chronic, debilitating mental health condition characterized by a wide variety of symptoms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Symptoms can be cognitive (problems thinking), positive (hallucinations or delusions) and negative (loss of pleasure, apathy).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There are several different subtypes of schizophrenia, and the most common is paranoid schizophrenia.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Schizophrenia can also co-occur with substance misuse or addiction.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","source":{"source_label":"View Sources","source_content":"Insel, Thomas R. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Thomas_Insel\/publication\/47743031_Rethinking_Schizophrenia\/links\/55702ff408aefcb861ddc517.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rethinking schizophrenia<\/a>.\u201d Nature, 2010. Accessed January 9, 2020.\r\n\r\nSARDAA. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sardaa.org\/resources\/about-schizophrenia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">About Schizophrenia<\/a>.\u201d (n.d.). Accessed January 20, 2020.\r\n\r\nGreenwood, Tiffany A.; et al. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/ajp.psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/full\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10050723\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Analysis of 94 candidate genes and 12 endophenotypes for schizophrenia from the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia<\/a>.\u201d American Journal of Psychiatry, 2011. Accessed January 9, 2020.\r\n\r\nHilker, Rikke; et al. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sites\/default\/files\/epermed\/files\/piis0006322317319054.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Heritability of schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum based on the nationwide Danish twin register<\/a>.\u201d Biological Psychiatry, 2018. Accessed January 9, 2020.\r\n\r\nBrown, Alan S.; Patterson, Paul H. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article\/37\/2\/284\/1930337\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Maternal infection and schizophrenia: implications for prevention<\/a>.\u201d Schizophrenia Bulletin, 2010. Accessed January 9, 2020.\r\n\r\nPaparelli, Alessandra; et al. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2011.00001\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Drug-induced psychosis: how to avoid star gazing in schizophrenia research by looking at more obvious sources of light<\/a>.\u201d Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 2011. Accessed January 9, 2020.\r\n\r\nAmerican Psychiatric Association. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=-JivBAAAQBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PT18&amp;dq=dsm+5+&amp;ots=ceUS33JGyd&amp;sig=7CMFYGQ-0aCMoldaOrbSVHw0v1U#v=onepage&amp;q=dsm%205&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5)<\/a>.\u201d American Psychiatric Association Publishing, 2013. Accessed January 9, 2020.\r\n\r\nKleinhaus, Karine; et al. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article\/38\/2\/331\/1942180\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Catatonic schizophrenia: a cohort prospective study<\/a>.\u201d Schizophrenia Bulletin, 2010. Accessed January 9, 2020.\r\n\r\nOrtiz, Bruno Bertolucci; et al. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?pid=S1516-44462013000400432&amp;script=sci_arttext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Is disorganized schizophrenia a predictor of treatment resistance? Evidence from an observational study<\/a>.\u201d Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 2013. Accessed January 9, 2020.\r\n\r\nDalton, Victoria S.; et al. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/npp201143\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paranoid schizophrenia is characterized by increased CB 1 receptor binding in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex<\/a>.\u201d Neuropsychopharmacology, 2011. Accessed January 9, 2020.\r\n\r\nOhnuma, Tohru; et al. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/j.1758-5872.2012.00225.x?casa_token=WVl1j-Q6dp0AAAAA%3A0aclsE0K1AguFQ-Ebzf2XXLdg1ELBxKt4x15Z4bEEs8JYcw7BtT4ACCpf0NbrX_yoHlJaVZA0dLCzGQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Low\u2010dose lamotrigine augmentation therapy improves residual symptoms in treatment\u2010resistant schizophrenia: A report of five cases<\/a>.\u201d Asia\u2010Pacific Psychiatry, 2013. Accessed January 9, 2020.\r\n\r\nRosell, Daniel R.; et al. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11920-014-0452-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Schizotypal personality disorder: a current review<\/a>.\u201d Current Psychiatry Reports, 2014. Accessed January 9, 2020.\r\n\r\nShah, A.; Lodge, Daniel J. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/tp2012145\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A loss of hippocampal perineuronal nets produces deficits in dopamine system function: relevance to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia<\/a>.\u201d Translational Psychiatry, 2013. Accessed January 9, 2020.\r\n\r\nLarson, Molly K.; Walker, Elaine F.; Compton, Michael T. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2930984\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Early signs, diagnosis and therapeutics of the prodromal phase of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders<\/a>.\u201d Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2010. Accessed January 9, 2020.\r\n\r\nFisher, H.L., et al. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3758773\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Specificity of childhood psychotic symptoms for predicting schizophrenia by 38 years of age: a birth cohort study<\/a>.\u201d Psychological Medicine, 2013. Accessed January 9, 2020.\r\n\r\nThoma, Patrizia; Daum, Irene. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/pcn.12072\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Comorbid substance use disorder in schizophrenia: a selective overview of neurobiological and cognitive underpinnings<\/a>.\u201d Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 2013. Accessed January 9, 2020.\r\n\r\nThompson, Judy L.; et al. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/mp2012109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Striatal dopamine release in schizophrenia comorbid with substance dependence<\/a>.\u201d Molecular Psychiatry, 2013. Accessed January 9, 2020.\r\n\r\nKelley, Mary E.; et al. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4929616\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marijuana use in the immediate 5-year premorbid period is associated with increased risk of onset of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders<\/a>.\u201d Schizophrenia Research, 2016. Accessed January 9, 2020.\r\n\r\nJones, Roland M.; et al. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/med\/21733478\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alcohol use disorders in schizophrenia: a national cohort study of 12,653 patients<\/a>.\u201d The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2011. Accessed January 9, 2020.\r\n\r\nEack, Shaun M.; et al. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/fullarticle\/210837\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Neuroprotective effects of cognitive enhancement therapy against gray matter loss in early schizophrenia: results from a 2-year randomized controlled trial<\/a>.\u201d Archives of General Psychiatry, 2010. Accessed January 9, 2020.\r\n\r\nPetrides, Georgios; et al.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ajp.psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/full\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13060787\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cElectroconvulsive therapy augmentation in clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: a prospective, randomized study<\/a>.\u201d American Journal of Psychiatry, 2014. Accessed January 9, 2020.\r\n\r\nDixon, Lisa B.; et al. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/ps.psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/full\/10.1176\/appi.ps.201400281\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Implementing coordinated specialty care for early psychosis: the RAISE Connection Program<\/a>.\u201d Psychiatric Services, 2015. 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